Ocean of Knowledge
Types of Forests in India 26 Apr 2021 12 min read Introduction Definition of Forest: At present, in India, there is no clear nationally-accepted definition of ‘forest’. States are responsible for determining their definition of forests. The prerogative of the states to define forests stems from a 1996 Supreme Court order called the T.N. Godavarman…
Reforms and Administration under Lord Curzon 10 May 2021 15 min read About Lord Curzon George Nathaniel Curzon (11 January, 1859- 20 March, 1925) born in Kedleston Hall, England was a British statesman and foreign secretary who during his terms in office played a major role in British policy making. Lord Curzon succeeded Lord Elgin…
Government of India Act, 1919 25 May 2021 12 min read Introduction Background: In 1918, Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy, produced their scheme of constitutional reforms, known as the Montagu-Chelmsford (or Mont-Ford) Reforms, which led to the enactment of the Government of India Act of 1919. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms which…
Swadeshi and Boycott Movement 15 Jun 2021 9 min read Introduction Emergence of Nationalism: It was only in the 19th Century that the concept of a national identity and national consciousness emerged. The social, economic and political factors had inspired the people to define and achieve their national identity. Causes of Growing Nationalism: Recognising True…
Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement 21 Jun 2021 14 min read Introduction Mass Movements: Two mass movements were organized in 1919-1922 to oppose the British rule in India are the Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement. The movements, despite having different issues, adopted a unified plan of action of non-violence and non-cooperation. This time period saw…
Peasant Movements in India 12 Jul 2021 12 min read Introduction Peasant Struggles: In these struggles, the peasants emerged as the main force, fighting directly for their own demands. The movements in the period between 1858 and 1914 tended to remain localised, disjointed and confined to particular grievances, contrary to the movements after 1914. Causes…
Heat Waves and Heat Dome 20 Jul 2021 8 min read Why in News The Pacific North-west, known for its moderate climate, is experiencing a “historic” heat wave. The heat wave is being described as a “Heat Dome”. It has stretched emergency services, with at least 134 people dying suddenly since the last few days…
Movement of the Working Class 02 Aug 2021 13 min read Introduction Rise of Working Class: The modern working class arose in India with the introduction of capitalism in the 19th century under colonial dispensation. It was a modern working class in the sense of relatively modern organisation of labour and a relatively free market…
Drainage Patterns and Drainage Systems of India 14 Sep 2021 12 min read Drainage: The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as ‘drainage’ and the network of such channels is called a ‘drainage system’. Drainage Pattern: It refers to the system of flow of surface water mainly through the forms of rivers and…
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The Company Rule in India (1773-1858) 05 Oct 2021 11 min read Introduction Beginning of Rule: The British East India Company was established as a trading company in 1600 and transformed into a ruling body in 1765. Interference in Internal Affairs: After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the East India Company got the Diwani (right…