Important Protocols and conventions

1. Ramsar Convention (1971): Focuses on the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, emphasizing their ecological character.

2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973): Regulates international trade in endangered species to ensure their survival and prevent illegal trafficking.

3. Bonn Convention (1979): Aims to conserve migratory species and their habitats through international cooperation.

4. Montreal Protocol (1987): Addresses the depletion of the ozone layer by phasing out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances.

5. Vienna Convention (1988): Provides a framework for international cooperation to protect the ozone layer.

6. Basel Convention (1989): Manages the transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous waste to minimize its impact on human health and the environment.

7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): Promotes the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

8. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992): Addresses climate change by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

9. Rio Summit (1992): Also known as the Earth Summit, it addressed various environmental issues, including climate change, biodiversity, and desertification.

10. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (1994): Combats desertification and mitigates the effects of drought through sustainable land management practices.

11. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Sets binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries to mitigate climate change.

12. Rotterdam Convention (1998): Regulates the international trade of hazardous chemicals and pesticides, ensuring informed consent from importing countries.

13. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000): Regulates the international trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to ensure their safe handling, transport, and use.

14. Stockholm Convention (2001): Addresses the production, use, and release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment.

15. UN-REDD (2008): Aims to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, promoting conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

16. Nagoya Protocol (2010): Facilitates the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, with a focus on biodiversity conservation.

17. Minamata Convention (2013): Addresses mercury pollution by regulating its production, use, and release into the environment, aiming to protect human health and the environment from its adverse effects.